Alcohol: Consumption during pregnancy can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which include physical, behavioral, and learning problems. Medications: Certain medications, such as isotretinoin, thalidomide, and some anticonvulsants, are known teratogens and must be avoided unless absolutely necessary. Tobacco: Smoking increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Infections: Congenital infections like rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and toxoplasmosis can cause serious neonatal disorders. Environmental toxins: Exposure to substances like lead, mercury, and pesticides can adversely affect fetal development.
