Protein Extraction: Proteins are extracted from the patient's sample, which could be blood, tissue, or other body fluids. Gel Electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are separated based on their size using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Transfer: The separated proteins are transferred to a membrane, usually made of nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). Blocking: Non-specific binding sites on the membrane are blocked to prevent background noise during detection. Antibody Incubation: The membrane is incubated with primary antibodies specific to the target protein, followed by secondary antibodies conjugated with a detection enzyme. Detection: The enzyme catalyzes a colorimetric or chemiluminescent reaction, making the target protein visible.
