Various methods are employed for effective neonatal surveillance: - Clinical Examinations: Regular check-ups and assessments by healthcare professionals. - Laboratory Tests: Blood tests, metabolic screenings, and other diagnostic tests. - Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Digital documentation of a newborn's health status. - Surveys and Questionnaires: Data collection tools filled out by parents or caregivers. - National Registries: Databases that track health information on a population level.