The global neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is a significant public health concern. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 2.4 million neonates died in 2019. Although the NMR has decreased over the past few decades, disparities exist between high-income and low-income countries. In low-income countries, the NMR can be as high as 27 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 3 deaths per 1,000 live births in high-income countries.
