Several pain assessment tools have been developed to identify and quantify pain in neonates. Here are a few widely used ones:
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) The NIPS evaluates pain based on facial expressions, cry, breathing patterns, arms, legs, and state of arousal. Each parameter is scored, and the total score determines the level of pain.
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) The PIPP is specifically designed for preterm infants and takes into account gestational age, behavioral state, and physiological responses like heart rate and oxygen saturation.
CRIES Scale The CRIES scale focuses on Crying, Requires oxygen for saturation >95%, Increased vital signs, Expression, and Sleeplessness. Each indicator is scored to assess the overall pain level.
FLACC Scale The FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) is versatile and can be used for neonates and older children who are unable to communicate. It evaluates five categories of behavior.
COMFORT Scale The COMFORT scale assesses pain by observing alertness, calmness/agitation, respiratory response, physical movement, blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and facial tension.
