What is Streptococcal Infection?
Streptococcal infection, commonly known as "strep," is caused by the bacteria from the genus
Streptococcus. In pediatrics, the most notable strains are Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Group B Streptococcus (GBS). These infections can range from mild illnesses, such as strep throat, to more severe conditions like rheumatic fever and
necrotizing fasciitis.
How is Streptococcal Infection Transmitted?
Streptococcal infections are transmitted through direct contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person. This could happen when a child inhales droplets from coughs or sneezes, or touches surfaces contaminated with the bacteria and then touches their mouth or nose. It is crucial to practice good
hand hygiene and avoid close contact with infected individuals to reduce the risk of transmission.
- Strep throat: Sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and red or white patches in the throat.
- Scarlet fever: Red rash that feels like sandpaper, high fever, and a strawberry-like appearance of the tongue.
- Impetigo: Red sores or blisters that rupture, ooze, and form a honey-colored crust.
- Invasive streptococcal infections: High fever, severe pain, dizziness, and in severe cases, shock.
How is Streptococcal Infection Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and a review of symptoms. For strep throat, a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or a throat culture may be performed. The RADT can provide results within minutes, but it is less sensitive than a throat culture, which takes 24-48 hours but is more accurate. Blood tests and imaging studies might be necessary for more severe or invasive infections.
What are the Treatment Options for Streptococcal Infection?
Treatment usually involves
antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin, which are effective against most streptococcal bacteria. It is crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics to prevent complications and reduce the risk of recurrence. Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate symptoms such as fever and pain.
- Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain.
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: A kidney disease that develops after a strep infection.
- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS): A condition characterized by sudden onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or tic disorders.
How Can Streptococcal Infections be Prevented?
Preventative measures include practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. It is also important to clean and disinfect surfaces regularly. In some cases, prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for individuals who have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with an invasive streptococcal infection.
When Should You Seek Medical Attention?
Parents should seek medical attention if their child exhibits symptoms of a streptococcal infection, such as a sore throat accompanied by fever, difficulty swallowing, or a rash. Immediate medical care is necessary if the child shows signs of a more severe infection, such as high fever, severe pain, difficulty breathing, or changes in consciousness.
