What is Spina Bifida?
Spina bifida is a congenital disorder that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD), which happens during the early stages of embryonic development, usually within the first 28 days of pregnancy.
Spina Bifida Occulta: The mildest form, where one or more vertebrae are malformed. The spinal nerves are usually not affected, and it often goes undetected.
Meningocele: A sac of fluid comes through an opening in the baby's back, but the spinal cord is not in this sac. There is little or no nerve damage.
Myelomeningocele: The most severe form, where parts of the spinal cord and nerves come through an open part of the spine. This can cause moderate to severe disabilities, such as difficulty in walking and problems with bladder and bowel control.
What Causes Spina Bifida?
The exact cause of spina bifida is unknown, but it is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insufficient intake of
folic acid before and during early pregnancy is a significant risk factor. Other potential factors include maternal diabetes, obesity, and certain medications.
What are the Symptoms of Spina Bifida?
Symptoms of spina bifida can vary widely depending on the type and severity. In the mildest forms, there may be no symptoms at all. In more severe cases, symptoms can include:
Visible spinal abnormalities or a sac protruding from the back
Paralysis or weakness in the legs
Hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain)
Difficulty with bladder and bowel control
Learning disabilities
Orthopedic issues such as clubfoot or hip dislocation
After birth, the diagnosis can be confirmed through physical examination and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans.
Surgery: To close the opening in the spine, usually performed within the first few days after birth. In some cases, fetal surgery can be done before birth.
Management of complications: This may include treatment for hydrocephalus, physical therapy, and assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs.
Ongoing medical care: Regular check-ups with specialists such as neurologists, urologists, and orthopedic surgeons.
Taking
folic acid supplements: Women of childbearing age should take 400-800 micrograms of folic acid daily, starting at least one month before conception and continuing through the first trimester.
Managing preexisting medical conditions: Such as diabetes and obesity.
Avoiding certain medications: Consulting with a healthcare provider about the safety of any medications being taken.
