What is Spina Bifida Occulta?
Spina bifida occulta is a type of
neural tube defect (NTD) that occurs when the vertebrae in the spine do not form properly around the spinal cord. Unlike other forms of spina bifida, it does not involve visible protrusions of the spinal cord or its membranes. It is often referred to as "hidden" spina bifida because the defect is covered by skin and is not immediately apparent at birth.
How Common is Spina Bifida Occulta?
Spina bifida occulta is considered the mildest and most common form of spina bifida. Studies suggest that it affects approximately 10-20% of the population. However, many cases remain undiagnosed because they do not cause significant symptoms.
What Causes Spina Bifida Occulta?
The exact cause of spina bifida occulta is not fully understood. However, it is believed to result from a combination of
genetic and environmental factors. Insufficient intake of
folic acid during pregnancy is one of the well-known risk factors for neural tube defects, including spina bifida occulta.
Back pain or discomfort
Weakness or numbness in the legs
Changes in bladder or bowel function
A small dimple or tuft of hair on the skin over the affected vertebrae
How is Spina Bifida Occulta Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is often incidental, discovered through imaging tests such as
X-rays,
MRI, or
CT scans performed for other reasons. In some cases, physical examination may reveal signs such as a small dimple or patch of hair over the lower back.
What are the Treatment Options?
Most cases of spina bifida occulta require no treatment. If symptoms are present, they may be managed with
physical therapy, pain management, or other supportive measures. Surgery is rarely needed unless there are complications such as tethered spinal cord.
What are the Potential Complications?
While spina bifida occulta is generally mild, it can be associated with more serious conditions like
tethered cord syndrome, where the spinal cord is abnormally attached within the spine, restricting movement. This can lead to progressive neurological damage if not treated.
How Can Spina Bifida Occulta be Prevented?
The risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida occulta, can be reduced by ensuring adequate intake of
prenatal vitamins containing folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Women of childbearing age are often advised to take a daily supplement of 400 micrograms of folic acid.
Conclusion
Spina bifida occulta is a relatively common, mild form of neural tube defect that often goes unnoticed due to its lack of visible symptoms. Awareness of this condition is important for early identification and management of any potential complications. Adequate folic acid intake remains a crucial preventive measure for all types of neural tube defects.
