What is Pathological Jaundice?
Pathological jaundice is a condition characterized by the excessive buildup of bilirubin in the blood, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes in newborns. Unlike physiological jaundice, which is common and usually harmless, pathological jaundice can indicate an underlying problem that needs immediate medical attention.
Causes of Pathological Jaundice
Pathological jaundice can result from various factors, including but not limited to:When Does It Appear?
Unlike physiological jaundice, which typically appears within the first 2-3 days of life and resolves within 1-2 weeks, pathological jaundice can present within the first 24 hours and may persist or worsen without proper treatment.
How is It Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination and laboratory tests. Key tests include:
Symptoms to Look For
Symptoms of pathological jaundice may include: Yellowing of the skin and sclera (whites of the eyes)
Poor feeding
Lethargy
High-pitched crying
Dark urine or pale stools
Treatment Options
Management of pathological jaundice depends on its cause and severity. Treatment options include: Phototherapy: The most common treatment, which uses light to break down bilirubin in the skin.
Exchange Transfusion: In severe cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to rapidly reduce bilirubin levels.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Used in cases of Rh or ABO incompatibility to reduce hemolysis.
Treating underlying infections or conditions.
Complications if Left Untreated
If not addressed promptly, pathological jaundice can lead to severe complications such as: Kernicterus: A form of brain damage caused by very high levels of bilirubin.
Deafness
Cerebral palsy
Intellectual disabilities
Prevention Strategies
Preventive measures focus on early detection and management. Strategies include: Routine screening for jaundice within the first 24 hours of life.
Identifying and managing risk factors such as blood type incompatibility.
Ensuring adequate feeding to promote bilirubin excretion.
Close monitoring of at-risk infants.
Conclusion
Pathological jaundice in neonates is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and intervention. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for preventing long-term complications. Early screening and effective management can significantly improve outcomes for affected infants.
