Neonatal hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in a newborn's blood. It can be classified into early-onset (within the first 72 hours of life) and late-onset (after 72 hours). Early-onset hypocalcemia is often due to maternal factors such as diabetes or prematurity, while late-onset hypocalcemia can be linked to conditions like hypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency.