Physical Examination
The physical examination involves a thorough head-to-toe evaluation of the newborn. This includes checking vital signs such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The healthcare provider examines the head for any abnormalities like cephalohematoma or cranial sutures. The eyes are checked for conditions such as congenital cataracts or jaundice. The ears, nose, and throat are assessed to ensure there are no obstructions or congenital anomalies.
Neurological Assessment
Neurological assessment is crucial to evaluate the newborn's muscle tone, reflexes, and overall neurological function. Common reflexes tested include the Moro reflex, rooting reflex, and grasp reflex. These reflexes provide insight into the newborn’s central nervous system development.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The healthcare provider listens to the heart and lungs using a stethoscope. Any murmurs, abnormal heart sounds, or irregular breathing patterns are noted. The presence of a heart murmur may indicate congenital heart disease, which requires further investigation.
Abdominal Examination
The abdomen is palpated to check for any masses, organomegaly, or hernias. The umbilical cord stump is also inspected to ensure it is healing properly without signs of infection.
Genitalia and Anus
The genitalia are examined to identify any abnormalities such as hypospadias in males or ambiguous genitalia. The anus is checked for patency to ensure there are no abnormalities like imperforate anus.
