Maternal Health Conditions: Hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease can impede fetal growth. Placental Insufficiency: When the placenta fails to deliver adequate nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. Infections: Certain infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV) and toxoplasmosis can restrict fetal growth. Genetic Factors: Chromosomal abnormalities and congenital anomalies. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, alcohol use, and poor nutrition during pregnancy.
