The causes of craniofacial abnormalities can be multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic and environmental factors:
- [Genetic Mutations](#): Many craniofacial disorders are linked to mutations in specific genes. For example, mutations in the FGFR2 gene are associated with Apert syndrome, a type of craniosynostosis.
- [Environmental Factors](#): Factors such as maternal smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy, and certain medications can increase the risk of craniofacial abnormalities.
- [Nutritional Deficiencies](#): Lack of essential nutrients like folic acid during pregnancy is also a known risk factor.
