Abnormal capnography readings can provide early warning signs of respiratory problems. For instance, a rising ETCO2 may indicate _hypoventilation_, obstructed airways, or _ventilator malfunction_. Conversely, a falling ETCO2 may suggest _hyperventilation_, disconnection from the ventilator, or _metabolic acidosis_. The shape of the capnogram waveform can also reveal specific issues such as _air trapping_ or _obstructive patterns_.
