The formal operational stage is marked by several key characteristics:
Abstract Thinking: Children can think about abstract concepts, such as justice, freedom, and morality. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: They develop the ability to formulate hypotheses and deduce logical conclusions. Systematic Problem Solving: Adolescents can systematically work through problems, considering multiple variables and outcomes. Metacognition: The ability to think about one’s own thinking processes and strategies improves.
