When non-pharmacologic methods are insufficient, pharmacologic interventions may be necessary. Commonly used medications include:
Acetaminophen: Often used for mild to moderate pain and fever control. Opioids: Such as morphine and fentanyl, used for severe pain but with careful monitoring due to potential side effects. Local anesthetics: Such as lidocaine, used for specific procedures like circumcisions. NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used less frequently due to potential side effects in neonates.
