1. Transcriptional Regulation: This is the first step, where DNA is transcribed into RNA. Factors like transcription factors and promoters influence this process. 2. Post-transcriptional Regulation: After transcription, RNA splicing, editing, and transport affect mRNA stability and translation efficiency. 3. Translational Regulation: This involves the control of the translation of mRNA into proteins. Factors like ribosomes and initiation factors play a role here. 4. Post-translational Regulation: After proteins are made, their function can be regulated through modifications like phosphorylation or ubiquitination.
