Introduction
Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of the roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. It primarily affects children, as they are more likely to come into contact with contaminated soil or animal feces. Understanding the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of toxocariasis is crucial for pediatricians.
How do children get toxocariasis?
Children typically become infected by ingesting
Toxocara eggs found in contaminated soil, sandboxes, or through direct contact with infected pets. Poor hand hygiene and a habit of putting hands or objects in their mouths increase the risk of infection.
VLM: This form involves various organs such as the liver, lungs, and central nervous system. Symptoms may include fever, coughing, wheezing, hepatomegaly, and abdominal pain.
OLM: This form affects the eyes, leading to vision problems. Symptoms can include decreased vision, eye pain, and strabismus.
How is toxocariasis diagnosed?
Diagnosing toxocariasis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, history taking, and laboratory tests. Key diagnostic methods include:
Serological tests to detect antibodies against Toxocara.
Complete blood count (CBC), which may show
eosinophilia.
Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans to identify organ involvement in VLM.
Ophthalmologic examination for suspected OLM to detect larval presence and associated eye damage.
Encouraging good hand hygiene, especially after playing outside or handling pets.
Regular deworming of pets and keeping them away from areas where children play.
Properly disposing of pet feces to minimize soil contamination.
Educating parents and caregivers about the risks of toxocariasis and the importance of preventive measures.
What complications can arise from toxocariasis?
If left untreated, toxocariasis can lead to serious complications. VLM can cause lasting damage to the liver, lungs, and central nervous system, whereas OLM can result in permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these adverse outcomes.
Conclusion
Toxocariasis is a significant parasitic infection in pediatric populations, primarily due to their increased exposure to contaminated environments and poor hygiene practices. Awareness, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial to managing and preventing the disease effectively. Pediatricians, parents, and caregivers must work together to implement preventive measures and ensure the well-being of children.
