What is Tetany?
Tetany is a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, cramps, or spasms. It typically results from an imbalance of electrolytes, particularly low levels of calcium (hypocalcemia), magnesium, or potassium in the blood. Tetany can affect various muscle groups, including those in the face, hands, and feet.
Causes of Tetany in Children
In children, the most common causes of tetany include: Hypocalcemia: Low calcium levels, which can be due to vitamin D deficiency, renal issues, or hypoparathyroidism.
Hypomagnesemia: Low magnesium levels, often due to poor dietary intake, gastrointestinal losses, or renal wasting.
Alkalosis: An increase in blood pH can decrease ionized calcium levels, leading to symptoms of tetany.
Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels, which can occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or use of certain medications.
Signs and Symptoms
Children with tetany may present with the following symptoms: Muscle cramps or spasms, often in the hands, feet, or face
Tingling or numbness, particularly around the mouth and in the extremities
Carpopedal spasms: Involuntary contractions of the hands and feet
Chvostek's sign: Twitching of facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped
Trousseau's sign: Carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of tetany in children involves a thorough clinical evaluation and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Key diagnostic steps include: Detailed medical history and physical examination
Blood tests to measure levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and pH
Assessing for the presence of
Chvostek's sign and
Trousseau's sign Renal function tests to evaluate for possible renal causes
Vitamin D levels to check for deficiency
Treatment
The management of tetany focuses on correcting the underlying electrolyte imbalances. Treatment options may include: Oral or intravenous calcium supplementation for
hypocalcemia Magnesium supplementation for
hypomagnesemia Potassium supplements for
hypokalemia Vitamin D supplementation if a deficiency is identified
Addressing the underlying cause, such as treating renal issues or adjusting medications
Prevention
Preventing tetany in children involves maintaining a balanced diet and addressing any underlying health conditions. Key preventive measures include: Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D through diet or supplements
Regular monitoring and managing of chronic conditions that may affect electrolyte balance
Ensuring proper hydration and avoiding excessive use of diuretics
When to Seek Medical Attention
Parents should seek medical attention if their child exhibits signs of tetany, such as persistent muscle cramps, spasms, or unusual tingling sensations. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and ensure proper management of the underlying causes.
