What is Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of kidney inflammation that occurs following an infection with certain strains of the group A streptococcus bacteria. This condition primarily affects children, typically between the ages of 5 and 12.
What Causes PSGN?
PSGN is caused by an immune response to a preceding streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or impetigo. The body produces antibodies to fight the bacteria, but these antibodies can eventually form immune complexes that get trapped in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function.
How is PSGN Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of PSGN involves a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Key diagnostic tests include:
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Urinalysis to detect blood and protein in the urine.
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Blood tests to check for elevated levels of antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer and decreased levels of complement (C3).
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Throat culture or skin swab to identify recent streptococcal infection.
What are the Symptoms?
Common symptoms of PSGN in children include:
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Hematuria (blood in the urine), which may appear as cola-colored or tea-colored urine.
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Proteinuria (protein in the urine).
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Edema (swelling), particularly in the face, hands, and feet.
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Hypertension (high blood pressure).
- Reduced urine output.
- Fatigue and lethargy.
What are the Treatment Options?
There is no specific treatment for PSGN; management focuses on supportive care. Key components of treatment include:
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Antibiotics to eradicate any remaining streptococcal bacteria.
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Blood pressure control with antihypertensive medications.
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Diuretics to reduce edema.
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Fluid and salt restriction to manage hypertension and swelling.
What is the Prognosis?
The prognosis for children with PSGN is generally good. Most children recover completely within a few weeks to months. However, close monitoring is necessary to ensure that kidney function returns to normal and to manage any complications that may arise.
How Can PSGN Be Prevented?
Preventive measures include:
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Prompt treatment of streptococcal infections with appropriate antibiotics.
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Good hygiene practices to prevent streptococcal infections, such as regular hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.
When Should You Seek Medical Attention?
Parents should seek medical attention if their child exhibits symptoms such as cola-colored urine, significant swelling, or high blood pressure. Early diagnosis and management can prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Are There Any Long-term Complications?
While rare, some children may experience long-term complications such as:
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Chronic kidney disease if the inflammation persists or recurs.
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Nephrotic syndrome, characterized by severe proteinuria and edema.
By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of PSGN, caregivers and healthcare providers can effectively manage this condition and support the well-being of affected children.
