What is Perinatal Transmission?
Perinatal transmission refers to the transfer of infectious agents from a mother to her baby during the period immediately before and after birth. This can occur through the placenta, during labor and delivery, or through breastfeeding. Common infections transmitted perinatally include HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Group B Streptococcus.
HIV Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Group B Streptococcus
Zika Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
High maternal viral load
Premature rupture of membranes
Prolonged labor
Maternal co-infections
Absence of maternal screening and treatment
What Is the Role of Screening?
Screening plays a critical role in preventing perinatal transmission. Pregnant women should be screened for infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Group B Streptococcus early in pregnancy. Effective screening can identify infections that may need treatment to reduce the risk of transmission.
HIV: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy
Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications and vaccination of the newborn
Group B Streptococcus: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis
Immediate post-exposure prophylaxis
Close monitoring for signs of infection
Routine follow-up and testing
What Is the Prognosis for Infants?
The prognosis for infants depends on timely diagnosis and intervention. Early treatment can significantly reduce the risk of transmission and improve outcomes. For example, with appropriate
antiretroviral therapy, the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission can be reduced to less than 1%.
Conclusion
Perinatal transmission of infections is a critical issue in pediatrics. Understanding the mechanisms, risk factors, and preventive measures is essential for healthcare providers. Through effective screening, timely treatment, and appropriate management, the risk of perinatal transmission can be greatly reduced, ensuring better health outcomes for both mothers and their babies.
