What is Diphtheria?
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose. Although it is rare in many countries due to vaccination, it can still pose a risk, especially in unvaccinated populations.
How does Diphtheria affect neonates?
Neonatal diphtheria is uncommon but can be severe. It typically occurs in infants who have not received adequate maternal
antibodies through the placenta or in regions with low vaccination coverage. The infection can lead to severe respiratory issues, systemic toxicity, and even death if not treated promptly.
Fever Sore throat
Difficulty breathing
Swelling of the neck (a characteristic "bull neck" appearance)
Pseudomembrane formation in the throat
Poor feeding
Weakness
Clinical examination
Throat swab and culture
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for
toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin
Antibiotics such as
penicillin or
erythromycin to eradicate the bacteria
Supportive care, including respiratory support if necessary
Isolation to prevent the spread of the infection
What is the prognosis for neonates with diphtheria?
The prognosis can vary depending on the timeliness and effectiveness of treatment. With prompt administration of antitoxin and antibiotics, many neonates recover completely. However, delays in treatment can lead to complications such as myocarditis, neuritis, and even death.
Conclusion
Though rare, neonatal diphtheria is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and vaccination are crucial in managing and preventing this potentially devastating disease. Ensuring widespread vaccination and maternal immunization can significantly reduce the risk of diphtheria in neonates.
