Introduction to Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a critical diagnostic tool in pediatrics, especially for evaluating central nervous system (CNS) infections, inflammatory conditions, and other neurological disorders. It involves the examination of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, providing essential information for diagnosis and treatment planning.How is CSF Collected?
CSF is collected via a procedure called
lumbar puncture (LP), commonly known as a spinal tap. This involves inserting a needle into the lower lumbar region of the spine to obtain a sample of CSF. The procedure is typically performed under sterile conditions and may require sedation in pediatric patients to ensure compliance and reduce anxiety.
White blood cells (WBC): 0-5 cells/µL in infants, 0-10 cells/µL in neonates
Red blood cells (RBC): 0-10 cells/µL
Protein: 15-45 mg/dL in children, higher levels in neonates
Glucose: 40-80 mg/dL, with CSF glucose typically about two-thirds of blood glucose levels
Interpreting CSF Results
Interpreting CSF results requires a thorough understanding of normal values and potential abnormalities: Increased WBC count with a predominance of neutrophils suggests bacterial meningitis.
Elevated lymphocytes may indicate viral or tuberculous meningitis.
High protein levels can be seen in infections, hemorrhage, or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Low glucose levels are concerning for bacterial or fungal infections.
Complications of Lumbar Puncture
While generally safe, lumbar puncture can have complications such as:Conclusion
CSF analysis is a vital diagnostic procedure in pediatrics, offering crucial insights into CNS conditions. Proper interpretation of CSF results, alongside a detailed clinical assessment, aids in the accurate diagnosis and management of neurological diseases in children. Ensuring safe and effective lumbar puncture techniques is essential to minimize complications and obtain reliable diagnostic information. 
