What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function that occurs over hours to days. It leads to the accumulation of waste products, fluids, and electrolytes in the body. This condition can be particularly concerning in pediatric patients due to their developmental stage and potential long-term impact on health.
Pre-renal causes: Conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, severe infections, or heart failure.
Intrinsic causes: Direct damage to the kidneys from conditions like glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, or nephrotoxic medications.
Post-renal causes: Obstructions in the urinary tract such as kidney stones or congenital abnormalities.
Decreased urine output
Swelling in legs, ankles, or around the eyes
Fatigue and lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
High blood pressure
Electrolyte imbalances
Reviewing the child's medical history and symptoms
Performing a physical examination
Measuring
serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels
Assessing fluid and electrolyte balance
Conducting imaging studies like ultrasound to identify obstructions or structural abnormalities
Ensuring adequate hydration and correcting fluid imbalances
Managing electrolyte disturbances
Using medications to treat underlying infections or inflammation
Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs
In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove waste products from the blood
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Hypertension
Electrolyte imbalances
Fluid overload and heart failure
Increased risk of infections
Ensuring adequate hydration, especially during illnesses
Monitoring and managing underlying chronic conditions
Avoiding unnecessary use of nephrotoxic medications
Prompt treatment of infections
Regularly monitoring kidney function in high-risk patients
Conclusion
Acute Kidney Injury in pediatric patients is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, healthcare providers can effectively manage AKI and improve outcomes for affected children.
