What is a Thermometer?
A thermometer is a medical device used to measure body temperature. In pediatrics, accurate temperature measurement is crucial for diagnosing and managing illnesses in children.
Types of Thermometers
Several types of thermometers are available for pediatric use, each with its own advantages and limitations: Digital Thermometers: These are the most commonly used and can measure temperature quickly and accurately. They can be used orally, rectally, or under the armpit.
Infrared Thermometers: These include ear (tympanic) and forehead (temporal artery) thermometers. They provide quick readings and are less invasive.
Mercury-in-Glass Thermometers: These are less commonly used today due to the risk of mercury exposure, but they can still be found in some settings.
Pacifier Thermometers: Designed for infants, these resemble pacifiers and can provide a temperature reading while the child is sucking on it.
Strip-Type Thermometers: These are placed on the forehead and change color to indicate temperature. They are less accurate and generally not recommended.
How to Use a Thermometer in Pediatrics
Proper technique is essential for obtaining an accurate temperature reading in children. Here are some guidelines:Oral Temperature
For children aged 4 and above, oral temperature is a reliable method. Ensure the child has not consumed hot or cold beverages at least 30 minutes prior. Place the thermometer under the tongue and instruct the child to close their mouth until the reading is complete.
Rectal Temperature
This method is recommended for infants and young children as it provides the most accurate reading. Lubricate the thermometer tip, gently insert it into the child's rectum about 1 inch, and hold it steady until the reading is complete.
Axillary (Armpit) Temperature
This method is less invasive but can be less accurate. Place the thermometer in the child's armpit, ensuring it touches the skin, and hold the arm close to the body until the reading is complete.
Ear Temperature
For children aged 6 months and older, tympanic thermometers are a quick and convenient option. Gently pull the ear back to straighten the ear canal, insert the thermometer, and wait for the beep.
Forehead Temperature
Temporal artery thermometers are easy to use and well-tolerated by children. Simply swipe the thermometer across the forehead, following the manufacturer's instructions.
When to Use a Thermometer
Parents and caregivers should use a thermometer when a child shows signs of fever, such as: Warm, flushed skin
Sweating or chills
Unusual fussiness or lethargy
Reduced appetite
Seizures in some cases (febrile seizures)
Interpreting Temperature Readings
Understanding what constitutes a fever is crucial in pediatrics. Generally, a fever is considered to be: Oral: 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
Rectal: 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
Axillary: 99°F (37.2°C) or higher
Ear: 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
Forehead: 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
It's important to note that normal body temperature can vary slightly among individuals and throughout the day.
The child is under 3 months old with a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher.
The fever persists for more than 48-72 hours in children under 2 years old.
The fever persists for more than 3 days in children aged 2 years and older.
The child shows signs of severe illness, such as difficulty breathing, persistent vomiting, severe headache, or rash.
Conclusion
Thermometers are essential tools in pediatrics for monitoring and managing fevers. Understanding the different types of thermometers, proper usage techniques, and when to seek medical attention can help ensure the well-being of children.
