What is Respiratory Rate (RR)?
Respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. It is a vital sign that helps assess a child's overall health, especially their
pulmonary system. In pediatrics, RR varies significantly with age and is an important indicator of respiratory and systemic health.
Normal Respiratory Rates in Children
The normal RR varies by age group: Newborns (0-1 month): 30-60 breaths per minute
Infants (1-12 months): 30-60 breaths per minute
Toddlers (1-2 years): 24-40 breaths per minute
Preschoolers (3-5 years): 22-34 breaths per minute
School-age children (6-12 years): 18-30 breaths per minute
Adolescents (13-18 years): 12-16 breaths per minute
How to Measure Respiratory Rate
Measuring RR in children can be challenging but is typically done by observing the chest rise and fall for one full minute. This can be done while the child is at rest to get the most accurate reading. In clinical settings,
pulse oximetry or capnography may be used for more precise measurements.
Factors Affecting Respiratory Rate
Several factors can influence RR in children, including: Fever: Increases metabolic rate, leading to higher RR.
Anxiety and
stress: Can elevate RR.
Physical activity: Temporary increase in RR.
Sleeping: Typically lowers RR.
Medical conditions: Respiratory illnesses, heart conditions, and metabolic disorders can alter RR.
RR significantly higher or lower than normal for the child's age.
Signs of respiratory distress such as
nasal flaring,
retractions, or
cyanosis.
Accompanied symptoms such as high fever, persistent cough, or lethargy.
Management and Treatment
Management of abnormal RR depends on the underlying cause. For instance:Regular monitoring and timely intervention can significantly improve outcomes in pediatric patients.
