How is PANDAS Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is clinical and based on a set of criteria, including the sudden onset of
neuropsychiatric symptoms (such as OCD or tics), a temporal relationship with a streptococcal infection, and the exclusion of other possible causes. Laboratory tests may show evidence of a recent streptococcal infection, such as a positive throat culture or elevated anti-streptococcal antibody titers.
Sudden onset of
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Motor or vocal tics
Anxiety
Emotional lability or depression
Behavioral regression
Sensory or motor abnormalities
Sleep disturbances
What Causes PANDAS?
The exact cause of PANDAS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune process. After a streptococcal infection, the body's immune response may produce
antibodies that cross-react with brain tissue, particularly in the basal ganglia, leading to the neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Antibiotics to eliminate any residual streptococcal infection
Anti-inflammatory treatments such as NSAIDs or corticosteroids
Immunomodulatory therapies like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis in severe cases
Symptomatic treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or medications for OCD and tics
What is the Prognosis for Children with PANDAS?
The prognosis varies. Some children experience complete remission of symptoms, while others may have recurrent episodes triggered by future streptococcal infections. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes.
How Common is PANDAS?
The exact prevalence of PANDAS is unknown, but it is considered a rare condition. Awareness among pediatricians and parents is increasing, leading to more diagnoses and better understanding of its epidemiology.
How Can PANDAS be Prevented?
Preventing PANDAS involves prompt diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal infections to prevent the autoimmune response. Good hygiene practices and reducing exposure to
streptococcal bacteria can also help minimize the risk of developing the condition.
