What is Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a type of
bacterial infection that can be found in the digestive and lower reproductive tracts of both men and women. While GBS is usually harmless in adults, it can cause severe complications in
newborns. It is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
How is GBS Transmitted?
GBS can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during
labor and delivery. Approximately 10-30% of pregnant women carry GBS in their vagina or rectum, but most are asymptomatic. The bacteria can be passed to the baby during delivery if proper precautions are not taken.
Early-onset GBS: Occurs within the first 24 hours to 7 days of life. Symptoms include
respiratory distress, fever, lethargy, and
sepsis.
Late-onset GBS: Occurs from 7 days to 3 months of age. Symptoms include fever, irritability, poor feeding, and
meningitis.
How is GBS Diagnosed?
GBS is diagnosed through various methods. Pregnant women are usually screened for GBS between 35-37 weeks of gestation using a
vaginal and rectal swab. For newborns showing symptoms, blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and other laboratory tests may be performed to confirm the presence of the bacteria.
Previous baby with GBS disease
GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy
Preterm delivery (18 hours)
Intrapartum fever (>100.4°F or 38°C)
How is GBS Prevented?
Prevention strategies primarily focus on screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). Pregnant women who test positive for GBS are given
antibiotics during labor to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby. Penicillin is the preferred antibiotic, but alternative antibiotics can be used for those with penicillin allergies.
What are the Long-term Outcomes?
With early and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for newborns with GBS infection can be good. However, severe infections, particularly those involving meningitis, can lead to long-term complications such as
neurological impairments, developmental delays, and hearing loss.
Closing Thoughts
GBS is a significant concern in neonatal care, but with proper screening and preventive measures, the risk of transmission and severe complications can be greatly reduced. It is essential for healthcare providers and expectant parents to be aware of the risks and to take appropriate steps to ensure the health and safety of both mother and baby.
