What are Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs)?
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs) are a group of disorders characterized by persistent and recurring gastrointestinal symptoms without any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. These disorders are common in children and can significantly affect their quality of life.
Common FGIDs in Pediatrics
Some common FGIDs in children include:
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)- Functional Dyspepsia
- Functional Abdominal Pain
- Functional Constipation
- Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
What Causes FGIDs?
The exact cause of FGIDs is not well understood, but several factors may contribute, including:
- Altered gut-brain interaction
- Gastrointestinal motility issues
- Visceral hypersensitivity
- Psychological factors such as stress and anxiety
- Changes in the gut microbiota
How are FGIDs Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of FGIDs is primarily based on clinical criteria and a thorough patient history. The Rome IV criteria are commonly used to diagnose various FGIDs. Laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endoscopic procedures are usually normal and are mostly used to rule out other organic diseases.
What are the Symptoms?
Symptoms of FGIDs can vary depending on the specific disorder but often include:
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Bloating
- Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Early satiety or feeling of fullness
How are FGIDs Treated?
Treatment of FGIDs is multifaceted and usually involves a combination of approaches:
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Dietary modifications: Avoiding trigger foods, increasing fiber intake, and following a balanced diet
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Medications: Depending on symptoms, medications such as antispasmodics, laxatives, or antidiarrheals may be prescribed
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Psychological therapies: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, and biofeedback can help manage stress-related symptoms
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Probiotics: Some studies suggest that probiotics may help in managing symptoms by improving gut health
What is the Prognosis?
The prognosis for children with FGIDs varies. While some children outgrow their symptoms, others may experience chronic symptoms that can affect their daily activities. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help improve outcomes.
When to Seek Medical Help?
Parents should seek medical help if their child exhibits any of the following:
- Severe or persistent abdominal pain
- Significant weight loss or poor growth
- Blood in stool or vomit
- Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- Symptoms that interfere with normal activities
Are FGIDs Preventable?
There is no sure way to prevent FGIDs, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk. This includes:
- Encouraging a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Promoting regular physical activity
- Ensuring adequate hydration
- Managing stress through relaxation techniques and psychological support
