What are Functional Cysts?
Functional cysts are non-cancerous fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries. They are typically the result of the normal function of the menstrual cycle. Although more common in adolescents and adults, these cysts can also be seen in prepubertal children.
Types of Functional Cysts
There are primarily two types of functional cysts: Follicular Cysts: These occur when the follicle, a small sac in the ovary that releases an egg during ovulation, doesn't rupture as it should. Instead, it continues to grow.
Corpus Luteum Cysts: These form when the follicle seals off after releasing an egg and begins to accumulate fluid.
Causes and Risk Factors
Functional cysts are a normal part of the
menstrual cycle and their exact cause is often unknown. However, they are more likely to occur in females who are ovulating. Risk factors include early onset of menstruation and irregular menstrual cycles.
Symptoms in Children
In many cases, functional cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine examinations or imaging for other reasons. When symptoms do occur, they may include: Abdominal pain or discomfort
Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
Menstrual irregularities (in menstruating children)
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of functional cysts usually involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as
ultrasound. Blood tests may also be conducted to rule out other conditions.
Treatment Options
In most cases, functional cysts resolve on their own without the need for treatment. However, treatment may be necessary if the cysts cause significant symptoms or complications. Options include: Observation and regular follow-up with
ultrasound Pain management with over-the-counter medications
Hormonal therapies, such as
oral contraceptives, to regulate the menstrual cycle
Surgical intervention in rare cases where the cysts are large or causing severe symptoms
Complications
While functional cysts are typically benign and self-limiting, complications can occasionally arise, including: Cyst rupture, which can cause severe pain and internal bleeding
Ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists around the ligaments that hold it in place, potentially cutting off blood supply
Prognosis
The prognosis for children with functional cysts is generally excellent. Most cysts resolve spontaneously without the need for intervention. Regular follow-up is important to monitor the cysts and manage any symptoms.When to Seek Medical Attention
Parents should seek medical attention if their child experiences severe abdominal pain, persistent discomfort, or any signs of complications. Early diagnosis and management can prevent potential issues and ensure the well-being of the child.
Prevention
There is no definitive way to prevent functional cysts, but regular medical check-ups and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help monitor and manage any potential issues. Hormonal contraceptives may also be considered in older children to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the risk of cyst formation.
