What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that affects millions of people globally each year. It is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. In children, the disease can range from mild to severe, potentially leading to life-threatening complications such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS).
How is Dengue Fever Transmitted?
The dengue virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of female Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti. These mosquitoes thrive in tropical and subtropical climates and are often found in urban and semi-urban areas. The virus cannot be spread directly from person to person; however, a mosquito that bites an infected individual can later transmit the virus to a healthy person.
High fever
Severe headache
Pain behind the eyes
Joint and muscle pain
Rash
Nausea and vomiting
In severe cases, children may develop DHF or DSS, which require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of severe dengue include bleeding, persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and difficulty breathing.
How is Dengue Fever Diagnosed?
Diagnosing dengue fever in children involves both clinical observation and laboratory tests. Initial diagnosis is often based on symptoms and a history of potential mosquito exposure. Laboratory tests such as the dengue NS1 antigen test, PCR, and serological tests (IgM and IgG) are used to confirm the diagnosis.
What are the Treatment Options?
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever. Management focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. Key aspects of treatment include:
Hydration: Ensuring the child drinks plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
Fever management: Using acetaminophen (paracetamol) to manage fever and pain. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided due to the risk of bleeding.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring for signs of severe dengue, especially during the critical phase (3-7 days after symptom onset).
Hospitalization: In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, and close monitoring.
How to Prevent Dengue Fever?
Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito exposure and controlling mosquito populations. Effective measures include:
Using mosquito repellents and wearing protective clothing
Installing screens on windows and doors
Using mosquito nets, especially during sleep
Eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed
Participating in community-based mosquito control programs
Is There a Vaccine for Dengue Fever?
A vaccine for dengue fever, known as Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV), has been approved in some countries for use in individuals aged 9-45 years who have had at least one prior dengue infection. Its use in children should be carefully considered by healthcare providers, as it is not recommended for those who have not previously been infected with the dengue virus.
Severe abdominal pain
Persistent vomiting
Bleeding gums or nose
Blood in vomit or stool
Rapid breathing
Extreme fatigue or irritability
Early detection and prompt management are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Conclusion
Dengue fever is a significant health concern, particularly in endemic regions. Understanding the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is essential for managing the disease in children. Preventive measures and early medical intervention can substantially reduce the risks associated with dengue fever.
