What is Congenital Heart Disease?
Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to a range of structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth. These abnormalities can affect the heart walls, heart valves, and blood vessels. CHD is the most common type of birth defect, affecting nearly 1% of all live births.
Types of Congenital Heart Disease
CHD can be broadly categorized into two types: Cyanotic CHD: This type results in low oxygen levels in the blood, causing a bluish tint to the skin and mucous membranes. Examples include Tetralogy of Fallot and Transposition of the Great Arteries.
Acyanotic CHD: This type does not typically result in low oxygen levels. Examples include Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).
Genetic factors: Some congenital heart defects are associated with genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome.
Environmental factors: Maternal illnesses, such as diabetes, and certain infections during pregnancy can increase the risk.
Medications and substances: Certain medications, alcohol, and drugs taken during pregnancy can lead to CHD.
How is CHD Diagnosed?
CHD can be diagnosed before birth, using fetal echocardiography, or after birth through various methods:
Physical examination: A healthcare provider may detect a heart murmur or other signs of CHD during a routine check-up.
Echocardiogram: An ultrasound of the heart provides detailed images and helps in identifying the specific type of CHD.
Chest X-ray: This can reveal abnormalities in the heart or lungs.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect heart defects.
Medication: To manage symptoms and improve heart function.
Interventional procedures: Such as cardiac catheterization to repair defects without open-heart surgery.
Surgery: In severe cases, open-heart surgery may be necessary to correct the defect.
What is the Prognosis for Neonates with CHD?
The prognosis for neonates with CHD varies widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. Advances in medical and surgical treatment have significantly improved outcomes:
Survival rates: Many children with CHD now survive into adulthood.
Quality of life: With proper treatment, many children lead active, healthy lives.
Long-term care: Some individuals may require ongoing medical care and follow-up into adulthood.
Prenatal care: Regular check-ups and screening during pregnancy can help detect and manage risks.
Healthy lifestyle: Avoiding alcohol, drugs, and certain medications during pregnancy.
Vaccination: Protecting against infections that can affect fetal development.
